Fig. 1

The association between maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy and DNA methylation. a AHRR, b CYP1A1, c ESR1, d GFI1, and e MYO1G. The squares indicate the average methylation of all analyzed CpG sites (regions). The triangle indicates the CpG cluster shown in Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The circles indicate the methylation of individual CpG sites. Standardized partial regression coefficient (β) was adjusted for maternal age, family income, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, child sex, and pre-pregnancy BMI. The error bars display the 95% confidence intervals. *p < 0.05